The most infamous aspect of the Praetorian Guard was its involvement in the assassination of several Roman emperors. The Guard, in certain periods of Roman history, became more interested in political power and monetary rewards than in loyalty to the emperor.

The Assassination of Caligula (41 AD)

One of the earliest and most notable instances of the Praetorian Guard's role in emperor assassination occurred in 41 AD, when Emperor Caligula was murdered. Caligula, known for his erratic behavior, cruelty, and extravagant policies, had alienated many members of the political elite, including the Praetorian Guard. The conspirators within the Guard, led by officers such as Cassius Chaerea, assassinated Caligula in a plot orchestrated by several senators. The murder of Caligula led to the brief elevation of his uncle, Claudius, to the throne—an event in which the Praetorians played a significant role, as they declared Claudius emperor.

The Assassination of Nero (68 AD)

Nero, another infamous emperor known for his tyrannical rule and decadence, was also the subject of Praetorian involvement in his demise. As Nero's rule became increasingly unstable, the Praetorian Guard was reluctant to support him. Facing rebellion and widespread dissatisfaction, Nero was declared a public enemy by the Senate. With no remaining support from the military, and fearing for his life, Nero committed suicide in 68 AD. While the Praetorian Guard did not directly assassinate Nero, their abandonment of him in favor of new leadership played a key role in his downfall.

The Assassination of Pertinax (193 AD)

The most direct example of Praetorian power in determining imperial succession came in 193 AD. After the death of Emperor Commodus, the Praetorian Guard auctioned off the throne to the highest bidder, ultimately selecting Pertinax, a senator and military officer. However, Pertinax’s attempts to reform the corruption of the Praetorian Guard and his strict discipline led to a backlash. Just three months into his reign, the Praetorians, angered by Pertinax’s efforts, murdered him in his palace. The Guard then offered the throne to Didius Julianus, a wealthy senator who outbid others for the imperial title. This event revealed the Guard’s willingness to exploit their power for personal gain and to decide who would sit on the throne. shutdown123